The study of the Earth surface, its structure and processes, falls under the umbrella of Earth science. The lithosphere forms the outer surface of the Earth. It consists of the upper mantle and crust. Lithosphere is divided into several tectonic plates. This book delves into a detailed account of the structure of the Earth and the varied processes occurring on it. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the surface of the Earth. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. A number of latest researches have been included herein to keep the readers updated with the global concepts in this area of study.