The study of the changes in an organism's genome expressed with time and the influence the organism's evolutionary past has on it, is studied under evolutionary genetics. Such changes occur within and between populations. This area of genetic study is under the domain of population genetics. It is vital to the development of modern evolutionary synthesis. Adaptation, population structure, speciation, dominance, epistasis, etc. are fundamental areas in the understanding of evolutionary genetics. Studies in these fields allow an understanding of the levels of genetic variation, demographic inference, evolution of genetic systems and detection of the genes undergoing selection. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of evolutionary genetics. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of evolutionary genetics. It aims to serve as a resource guide to population geneticists, evolutionary geneticists, biologists, researchers and students involved in this area of study.