This book aims to provide the latest research information in climate variation and prediction studies. Several new modes of climate variations are discovered in the last decade and the studies that unravel those new modes and their processes are scattered. Moreover, climate models have made great strides in predicting modes of climate variations several seasons ahead. The society's ability to use model predictions has also spiraled in recent years to mitigate climate disaster risks and general well-being. Therefore, there is a great scope to compile all this information in the form of a book for the benefit of researchers as well as general readers interested to catch up with the state of the art in climate research.