"In students' first course in Statistics, the focus was on learning about the process of conducting statistical investigations, most likely investigating research questions involving one variable or the association between two variables. This involved (1) identifying a research question, (2) gathering data to answer the research question, (3) examining the data, (4) testing hypotheses and estimating parameters using tests of significance and confidence intervals, (5) drawing conclusions about generalization and causation, and finally (6) reflecting on possible next steps in the research process"--