Contemporary Scienti?c Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 NeilR. SmalheiserandVetleI. Torvik The Tip of the Iceberg: The Quest for Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 M. D. GordonandN. F. Awad The ¿Open Discovery¿ Challenge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 JonathanD. Wren Where is the Discovery in Literature-Based Discovery?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 R. N. Kostoff Part II Methodology and Applications Analyzing LBD Methods using a General Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 A. K. Sehgal,X. Y. Qiu,andP. Srinivasan Evaluation of Literature-Based Discovery Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 M. Yetisgen-YildizandW. Pratt vii viii Contents Factor Analytic Approach to Transitive Text Mining using Medline Descriptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 J. StegmannandG. Grohmann Literature-Based Knowledge Discovery using Natural Language Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 D. Hristovski,C. Friedman,T. C. Rind?esch,andB. Peterlin Information Retrieval in Literature-Based Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 W. Hersh Biomedical Application of Knowledge Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 A. Koike Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Contributors NeveenFaragAwad SchoolofBusiness,WayneStateUniversity,USA CarolFriedman DepartmentofBiomedicalInformatics,ColumbiaUniversity,622West168St, NewYork,NY10032,USA MichaelD. Gordon RossSchoolofBusiness,UniversityofMichigan,USA mdgordon@umich. edu GuenterGrohmann Charite-Institute ¿ ofMe